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浅谈聚合物锂电池的液体电解质

2022-06-23

聚合物锂电池

锂离子电池的电解(jie)质对电池性(xing)能影响很大,电解(jie)质的化学稳定要求很高(gao),特别(bie)是(shi)在较(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)的电势和温(wen)度环(huan)境下,不容易分解(jie),具有较(jiao)(jiao)高(gao)的离子电导率,正极和负极材料必(bi)须是(shi)惰性(xing)的,不能浸出。

由于锂离子电(dian)(dian)池的高(gao)充放(fang)电(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)位和锂嵌在负极材料(liao)中的高(gao)化学活性(xing),要(yao)求电(dian)(dian)解液(ye)为(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)机化合物,并(bing)且不(bu)能有(you)(you)水。但因为(wei)(wei)有(you)(you)机离子的导(dao)电(dian)(dian)性(xing)差,因此需要(yao)在有(you)(you)机溶剂中添加可溶性(xing)导(dao)电(dian)(dian)盐(yan),以(yi)提高(gao)离子的导(dao)电(dian)(dian)性(xing)。

目前,锂离子(zi)电(dian)(dian)池主要(yao)采用液态(tai)电(dian)(dian)解质(zhi),其(qi)溶剂(ji)(ji)(ji)为无水(shui)有机物(wu),市场上大多数采用混合溶剂(ji)(ji)(ji)。常见的(de)有机液体电(dian)(dian)解质(zhi)一(yi)般为1molL锂/混合碳酸盐(yan)溶剂(ji)(ji)(ji)体系。适(shi)用于锂离子(zi)电(dian)(dian)池的(de)电(dian)(dian)解液作为电(dian)(dian)荷传递和(he)质(zhi)量(liang)传递过程的(de)介质(zhi),一(yi)般应(ying)满足以下要(yao)求(qiu):

1、温度(du)范围宽,高电导(dao)率,好在(1~2)× 10-3s /cm以上,锂(li)离(li)子(zi)迁移次数(shu)要高;

2、液温(wen)范(fan)围宽(kuan),至少(shao)在(zai)-20~80℃范(fan)围内是液温(wen);

3、化学稳定(ding)性好,与电极活性物质、液集、隔(ge)膜(mo)等不发生反(fan)应;

4、与电极材料相容性好,能形成稳(wen)定有效(xiao)的钝化膜;

5、良好的(de)电(dian)化学(xue)稳定性,高的(de)分解电(dian)压,降低(di)电(dian)池(chi)(chi)自放(fang)电(dian)和(he)工作时电(dian)池(chi)(chi)内部压力增加。

以上(shang)(shang)要(yao)求是锂离(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)低内阻(zu)、长寿命、高安全性(xing)的(de)(de)重(zhong)要(yao)保(bao)证。锂盐、有(you)机溶(rong)剂和电(dian)(dian)解质溶(rong)液的(de)(de)选择(ze)决定了电(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)循环效(xiao)率(lv)、工(gong)作电(dian)(dian)压(ya)、工(gong)作温度和储存寿命,是锂离(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)发展的(de)(de)关(guan)键技术之一(yi)。从(cong)某种意(yi)义上(shang)(shang)说,液体电(dian)(dian)解质对锂离(li)(li)子(zi)(zi)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)性(xing)能起着决定性(xing)的(de)(de)作用。


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