2022-07-15
锂离子电(dian)池隔膜的基体材(cai)(cai)料为聚烯(xi)烃,具有优(you)异的力(li)学(xue)性(xing)(xing)能、化学(xue)稳定性(xing)(xing)和(he)(he)成本低。隔膜基体材(cai)(cai)料主(zhu)要包括聚丙烯(xi)、聚乙烯(xi)及添加剂,使用(yong)的基体材(cai)(cai)料与机(ji)械性(xing)(xing)能和(he)(he)电(dian)解液(ye)的润湿性(xing)(xing)有直接的关系。
锂(li)离子(zi)电池隔膜造孔工程技(ji)术主(zhu)要(yao)包括湿(shi)法和(he)干法两(liang)种,干法有单(dan)向拉伸(shen)工艺和(he)双向拉伸(shen)工艺。
1、锂离子电池隔膜生(sheng)产的湿法工艺
将高沸点的(de)小分子加(jia)入聚烯烃中(zhong)作为成(cheng)孔剂(ji),加(jia)热融化(hua)成(cheng)均匀的(de)体系,然后(hou)(hou)冷却(que)至相分离(li)。小分子经拉伸后(hou)(hou),用有(you)(you)机(ji)溶剂(ji)萃取,可(ke)以相互通(tong)过(guo)制(zhi)备微孔膜(mo)材料。虽然孔隙度和(he)渗透率是可(ke)控的(de),但湿法工艺需要消耗大(da)量的(de)有(you)(you)机(ji)溶剂(ji),要考(kao)虑溶剂(ji)的(de)回(hui)收(shou)利用,增加(jia)了(le)工艺的(de)复杂(za)性和(he)成(cheng)本,而且(qie)易(yi)污染(ran)环境。
2、锂离(li)子(zi)电(dian)池隔膜(mo)生产的干法双向拉伸工艺
该工艺是在(zai)20世纪90年代初(chu)研制的。在(zai)聚(ju)丙烯β型晶(jing)型改进剂中(zhong)加入(ru)成核剂,利用聚(ju)丙烯不同(tong)相态之(zhi)间的密(mi)度差,在(zai)拉(la)伸过程(cheng)中(zhong)产生(sheng)晶(jing)型转变并形成微孔(kong)。
3、锂离子电池隔膜生(sheng)产的干法单向拉伸(shen)工艺
通过生产硬弹(dan)性(xing)纤维,得(de)到结晶度低(di)(di)的聚丙(bing)烯(xi)或聚乙烯(xi)薄膜(mo),然后高温退火得(de)到结晶度高的定向薄膜(mo)。薄膜(mo)在低(di)(di)温下拉伸(shen)形成微缺(que)陷,然后在高温下拉开形成微孔。该方法(fa)制备(bei)的隔(ge)膜(mo)具(ju)有长(zhang)而扁平(ping)的微孔结构。隔(ge)膜(mo)由于只有单向拉伸(shen),横向强(qiang)度较差,但正因为没有横向拉伸(shen),在横向上(shang)几乎没有热收缩。
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