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锂电池电解液的发展方向

2022-09-09

锂电池

锂电(dian)池(chi)有(you)机(ji)电(dian)解(jie)液(ye)污染(ran)小且能提(ti)供稳定的锂离子源,使其得到快速发(fa)展,但(dan)液(ye)态有(you)机(ji)电(dian)解(jie)液(ye)与正负相互兼容并在滥用分解(jie)气体等恶劣(lie)条件下,导致电(dian)池(chi)结构损坏,严重时甚至发(fa)生爆炸和(he)火(huo)灾。因此,有(you)必要在液(ye)态有(you)机(ji)电(dian)解(jie)质的基础上进行(xing)改(gai)进。

目前,各研发单位和机(ji)构主(zhu)要(yao)专注于电(dian)解(jie)液系(xi)统:实现有机(ji)电(dian)解(jie)液大电(dian)流、聚合物电(dian)解(jie)液。

1、全(quan)固(gu)态聚(ju)合物电(dian)(dian)解质:都(dou)是离(li)子导体,一般要求离(li)子电(dian)(dian)导率高(gao),电(dian)(dian)子电(dian)(dian)导率低,活(huo)化能(neng)低。利用具有高(gao)离(li)子电(dian)(dian)导率的(de)固(gu)体电(dian)(dian)解质作为隔板,可以制备全(quan)固(gu)态电(dian)(dian)池(chi),这将(jiang)大(da)(da)大(da)(da)提(ti)高(gao)电(dian)(dian)动汽车和大(da)(da)容量(liang)储能(neng)电(dian)(dian)池(chi)中锂(li)离(li)子电(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)安全(quan)性。

2、凝胶聚合(he)物电(dian)解质:凝胶是一种特殊的(de)分散(san)体(ti)系,分散(san)的(de)颗粒直径在1nm ~ 100nm之(zhi)(zhi)间,其中胶体(ti)颗粒或聚合(he)物分子相互连(lian)接,建立起架子,形成(cheng)空间网络结(jie)构(gou)(gou),液(ye)体(ti)或气体(ti)填充在结(jie)构(gou)(gou)间隙(xi)中。它(ta)(ta)的(de)性(xing)质介于固(gu)体(ti)和液(ye)体(ti)之(zhi)(zhi)间,从外观上(shang)看,它(ta)(ta)变成(cheng)固(gu)体(ti)或半固(gu)体(ti)的(de)形状(zhuang),有(you)弹性(xing);但又不(bu)完全像真正的(de)固(gu)体(ti),它(ta)(ta)的(de)内部结(jie)构(gou)(gou)往(wang)往(wang)强度(du)有(you)限,容易破坏。

3、凝(ning)(ning)胶聚(ju)合物(wu)电(dian)解(jie)(jie)质:由于(yu)聚(ju)合物(wu)的(de)良好(hao)加(jia)工性(xing)能(neng),以(yi)及液(ye)(ye)体(ti)电(dian)解(jie)(jie)质的(de)高离子(zi)电(dian)导率,连续生(sheng)产(chan),安全(quan)性(xing)高,不仅可以(yi)充当隔(ge)膜,还可以(yi)替代液(ye)(ye)体(ti)电(dian)解(jie)(jie)质,再(zai)加(jia)上聚(ju)合物(wu)的(de)热塑性(xing)和(he)成行技(ji)术,使凝(ning)(ning)胶聚(ju)合物(wu)电(dian)池可以(yi)制(zhi)成多种形状。


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