2022-11-07
锂(li)电池(chi)的电解液(ye)添加(jia)剂(ji)有哪些:
1、成膜添加剂
优异的(de)(de)(de)(de)SEI膜(mo)具有有机溶(rong)剂(ji)不耐受性(xing),允许锂(li)离(li)子(zi)(zi)电(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)离(li)子(zi)(zi)在溶(rong)剂(ji)分子(zi)(zi)无(wu)(wu)法(fa)通(tong)过的(de)(de)(de)(de)情况(kuang)下(xia)自由(you)进出电(dian)极,从而防止了溶(rong)剂(ji)分子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)共插入对电(dian)极的(de)(de)(de)(de)破(po)坏,并提高(gao)电(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)循环效率(lv)和可(ke)逆容(rong)量。主要分为无(wu)(wu)机成(cheng)膜(mo)助(zhu)(zhu)剂(ji) (SO2、CO2、CO、卤(lu)化锂(li)等小分子(zi)(zi)) 和有机成(cheng)膜(mo)助(zhu)(zhu)剂(ji) (氟、氯、有气味的(de)(de)(de)(de)碳酸盐等),借助(zhu)(zhu)卤(lu)素原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)吸电(dian)子(zi)(zi)效应,提高(gao)中心原(yuan)子(zi)(zi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)发电(dian)能力,使添(tian)加(jia)剂(ji)在较高(gao)电(dian)位条件(jian)下(xia)减少(shao)并有效钝化电(dian)极表(biao)面,形成(cheng)稳定的(de)(de)(de)(de)SEI膜(mo)。在锂(li)离(li)子(zi)(zi)电(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)非水电(dian)解(jie)质中添(tian)加(jia)微(wei)量苯甲醚(mi)或(huo)其卤(lu)代衍(yan)生物可(ke)以改善电(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)循环性(xing)能,并减少(shao)电(dian)池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)不可(ke)逆容(rong)量损失。
2、导电添加剂
对(dui)添加(jia)剂提(ti)高电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解质电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)导(dao)率的(de)研究主(zhu)要集中在改善导(dao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)锂盐的(de)溶(rong)解和电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)离以及防止溶(rong)剂共插(cha)入对(dui)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)极的(de)破(po)坏。
按其作(zuo)用类(lei)型(xing)(xing)可分为阳离子(zi)相互作(zuo)用类(lei)型(xing)(xing) 、阴离子(zi)相互作(zuo)用类(lei)型(xing)(xing) 和电解(jie)质离子(zi)相互作(zuo)用类(lei)型(xing)(xing) 。
3、阻燃添加剂
作为商业应(ying)用(yong)(yong),锂(li)离(li)子(zi)(zi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)性仍然是(shi)(shi)制约(yue)其应(ying)用(yong)(yong)发展的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要因(yin)素。锂(li)离(li)子(zi)(zi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池存(cun)在(zai)许多(duo)安(an)全(quan)隐患,例如充电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)高(gao)(gao),电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)质大多(duo)是(shi)(shi)有机可(ke)燃物(wu)。如果使用(yong)(yong)不(bu)当(dang),电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池将很危险甚至爆炸。因(yin)此,提高(gao)(gao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)液的(de)(de)(de)稳定性是(shi)(shi)提高(gao)(gao)锂(li)离(li)子(zi)(zi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池安(an)全(quan)性的(de)(de)(de)重(zhong)要方(fang)法。给电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池加一些高(gao)(gao)沸点、高(gao)(gao)闪点和不(bu)易燃的(de)(de)(de)溶(rong)剂可(ke)以提高(gao)(gao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)安(an)全(quan)性。
4、过充保护添加剂
已经对(dui)使用氧(yang)化还原对(dui)的(de)内(nei)部保(bao)护方法进行了(le)广泛的(de)研(yan)究。这种方法的(de)原理是(shi)在电解液中(zhong)加入(ru)合适的(de)氧(yang)化还原对(dui)。该氧(yang)化还原对(dui)在正常(chang)充电期间不参与任何化学反应或电化学反应,并且(qie)当(dang)电池充满(man)电或略(lve)高(gao)于该值(zhi)时,添加剂(ji)开始在正极上(shang)氧(yang)化,然后扩散到负极发生还原反应,如下式所示。
正极: R>O ne-负极: O+ne-→ R佳过充电(dian)保护添加剂应具有4.2-4.3V的(de)截止电(dian)压,以满足锂(li)离子电(dian)池大于4V的(de)要求。总的(de)来说,这部分研(yan)究工作还(hai)需(xu)要进一(yi)步(bu)研(yan)究。
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