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不充电也能续航百年?太空中的核电池是何原理,为何不能民用?

2022-06-20

不充电也能续(xu)航百年?太空中(zhong)的核电池是何原(yuan)理,为何不能民用?

 

当我们(men)还(hai)在(zai)天(tian)马行空想着如果自己的(de)(de)手(shou)机(ji)可以尽情地(di)在(zai)网上(shang)冲浪,不(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)考虑充(chong)电(dian)这个问题的(de)(de)时候(hou),不(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)充(chong)电(dian)也能续航(hang)百年的(de)(de)核电(dian)池已经(jing)被科学家们(men)发明了出来,并且运用(yong)(yong)在(zai)航(hang)天(tian)领域(yu)。那么(me)(me)这种核电(dian)池真的(de)(de)可以不(bu)(bu)用(yong)(yong)充(chong)电(dian)吗?它的(de)(de)工作(zuo)原(yuan)理(li)又是什么(me)(me)?

核(he)电池(chi)叫做(zuo)放(fang)射性(xing)同位(wei)素温差发电器,又称原子能(neng)电池(chi)。核(he)电池(chi)与(yu)核(he)电站的(de)(de)发电原理不同,核(he)电站得比较(jiao)复杂,先将核(he)能(neng)转为(wei)内(nei)能(neng),接(jie)着由内(nei)能(neng)转化成(cheng)机械能(neng),再由机械能(neng)转化为(wei)电能(neng)。但(dan)核(he)电池(chi)不用这么麻(ma)烦,核(he)电池(chi)是(shi)把碲化铋、碲化铅(qian)等性(xing)能(neng)优(you)异(yi)的(de)(de)半(ban)导(dao)体材(cai)料串联组(zu)成(cheng)起来的(de)(de),除此之外,核(he)电池(chi)要发电就要使(shi)其(qi)存在温差,所(suo)以它还需要合适的(de)(de)热源和(he)换能(neng)器来达到发电的(de)(de)效果。

核(he)电池(chi)用(yong)的是衰变原理,核(he)电池(chi)的种类多种多样,以目前航(hang)天器(qi)核(he)电池(chi)常用(yong)的燃(ran)料(liao)-238来说,在它衰(shuai)变过(guo)程中,它会产生一个α粒子(zi),而这(zhei)个α粒子(zi)会因(yin)为(wei)受阻减慢速度(du),从而放出热量。根据(ju)实(shi)验测算,在(zai)衰变过程中,钚-238的功率密(mi)度是0.41w/g,而半(ban)衰(shuai)期竟(jing)可高达87.7年。而(er)我们先前提到的半导体材料,它(ta)可以让钚(bu)-238在衰变(bian)过程中产(chan)生的(de)(de)(de)热能(neng)转(zhuan)化(hua)成(cheng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng),主要(yao)是将两(liang)个不同半导(dao)体(ti)元件串联成(cheng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)两(liang)极,如(ru)此一来,利用温(wen)差(cha),热能(neng)会转(zhuan)变(bian)为电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng),而这个过程也不停的(de)(de)(de)在发电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian),我们管这种现象为温(wen)差(cha)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)动势。放射(she)性同位素和温(wen)差(cha)不断组成(cheng)就形(xing)成(cheng)了(le)核(he)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。简单(dan)来说(shuo),核(he)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池的(de)(de)(de)原理(li)是将热量转(zhuan)化(hua)为电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)。

核(he)(he)电(dian)(dian)池不仅体积小,重量也(ye)轻,使用(yong)起来很(hen)是(shi)方便,重要(yao)的是(shi)使用(yong)寿(shou)命长。那(nei)核(he)(he)电(dian)(dian)池是(shi)否(fou)真的可(ke)以不用(yong)充电(dian)(dian)也(ye)可(ke)以用(yong)上(shang)百年呢?其实我(wo)们从(cong)它的原理也(ye)可(ke)以得知整(zheng)个过程是(shi)在不断地衰变,这也(ye)意味着在某一(yi)段时间(jian)后能量被耗尽,核(he)(he)电(dian)(dian)池也(ye)就变成了废(fei)品,但是就目前(qian)来说,核(he)(he)电池(chi)在(zai)航天器(qi)中的寿命有几十(shi)年(nian)甚至是上百年(nian),足够满足人们对核(he)(he)电池(chi)的需求。

核电(dian)池(chi)的寿命(ming)要比太(tai)阳能电(dian)池(chi)板的寿命(ming)要长很多(duo),所以在航天领域,大部分都是使用(yong)核电(dian)池(chi),比如(ru)在2012年时,美(mei)国就是(shi)在火星探测器好奇号(hao)用了45斤的核电池,就(jiu)连目前新型的火星漫游车毅力(li)号(hao)也(ye)是用了好好奇号相似的(de)核(he)电池(chi),其实不光(guang)是(shi)航(hang)天领域(yu),医疗领域(yu)也在运用(yong)核(he)电池(chi),比(bi)如心(xin)(xin)脏起搏(bo)器,它可以(yi)在人体(ti)内工作十年之久,所以(yi)对患者来(lai)说,不仅没有放(fang)置的(de)负担,也免去了因时(shi)间的(de)问题(ti)继续动手术,但(dan)是(shi)因为核(he)电池(chi)遇火(huo)会释放(fang)放(fang)射性污染,假设患者逝(shi)世后(hou)火(huo)化,核(he)电池(chi)也跟(gen)着被(bei)(bei)火(huo)化,那后(hou)果很是(shi)危(wei)险,因此后(hou)面(mian)这种核(he)电池(chi)的(de)心(xin)(xin)脏起搏(bo)器就被(bei)(bei)停产了。

很多人(ren)也会有(you)这(zhei)(zhei)样疑(yi)惑,既然核(he)电池(chi)使用(yong)寿命长,抗干(gan)扰性强,为什(shen)么(me)不(bu)能(neng)(neng)民用(yong)?主要(yao)有(you)两个(ge)原(yuan)因(yin)。一是(shi)(shi)如心脏起搏(bo)器被(bei)停用(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)原(yuan)因(yin)一致,它(ta)的(de)(de)(de)(de)放射性没有(you)办法得到(dao)解(jie)决,使用(yong)它(ta)和它(ta)带来的(de)(de)(de)(de)污染在民用(yong)上不(bu)能(neng)(neng)达到(dao)平衡(heng),或(huo)许在未来,科(ke)技的(de)(de)(de)(de)不(bu)断发展(zhan)能(neng)(neng)找到(dao)一个(ge)更(geng)好(hao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)解(jie)决办法,但目(mu)前我们仍不(bu)能(neng)(neng)解(jie)决这(zhei)(zhei)个(ge)污染的(de)(de)(de)(de)问题(ti),而用(yong)在航(hang)天领域,它(ta)可以被(bei)国家管(guan)控,也方(fang)便人(ren)们探索宇宙,是(shi)(shi)合适的(de)(de)(de)(de);二是(shi)(shi)核(he)电池(chi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)成本太高了。比如我们知(zhi)道的(de)(de)(de)(de)钚(bu)-238,一(yi)斤(jin)的钚-238就(jiu)要上千(qian)万美金,而美国的探测仪要用45公斤的核电(dian)池(chi),这需(xu)要一笔非常庞(pang)大资金支持,而一个(ge)国(guo)家要承担这么高金额(e)的核电(dian)池(chi)尚且都吃(chi)力(li),更(geng)何况(kuang)是我们普通老百(bai)姓(xing)。所以(yi)核电(dian)池(chi)的成本价并不亲民(min),因此在(zai)民(min)用方面很(hen)难(nan)有所突(tu)破,只能在(zai)航天或(huo)者其他的军事领域(yu)得(de)到超常发挥。


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